Surrogate motherhood -- carrying to term and giving birth to another woman's
baby - once was limited in India to helping close relatives who couldn't
complete a pregnancy due to medical difficulties.
But leading gynecologist Dr. Kamla Selvaraj says it's now becoming a regular
"profession" in India, with more and more women willing to carry babies for
others, for a fee.
India has for years been providing foreigners with in-vitro fertilization (IVF)
treatment at a cheaper rate than the equivalent services in Western countries.
Surrogacy comes in when the biological mother is unable to carry the child.
Alternatively, a surrogate also provide eggs when the woman wanting a child is
unable to do so herself.
Apart from low-cost IVF treatment, India also is offering surrogate mothers at
a considerably lower price than couples would pay in the U.S. or Europe.
Women's counselor Harleen Ahluwalia says surrogacy cases are estimated to have
nearly doubled in the past three years.
"Foreigners find Indian legal procedures easy and less exploitative, unlike [in
the] U.S., where any complication could cost a fortune," she said.
Although surrogacy cases have been reported from various regions, one area that
appears to be over-represented is Anand district in the western state of
Gujarat, where more than 50 economically deprived women are reported to be
presently carrying babies for foreigners and non-resident Indians.
While a couple in the U.S. will generally pay tens of thousands of dollars to a
surrogate mother and affiliated agencies, in India the cost could be around
$5,000, plus medical and attendant costs.
Leading advocate of surrogacy, Dr. Naina Patel of the Akanksha Fertility Clinic
in Anand, contends that it is a positive service. "Infertility is a global
problem and we have its global solution," she said.
Responding to criticism that poor Indians are being exploited, Patel insisted
that surrogate mothers were extremely well looked after by those paying for
their services. They were housed comfortably and were under expert medical
supervision to ensure healthy children for their clients, she said.
But not all share Patel's enthusiasm and many believe surrogacy carries a huge
physical and emotional cost for the women.
Dr. Mohanlal Swarankar, chairman of the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical
Sciences in Jaipur and one of the leading fertility experts in India, is firmly
opposed to the practice of surrogacy and wants what he called the "commercial
sale of wombs and babies" to be outlawed.
"Surrogacy affects the whole moral fabric of a society and could trigger
complex psychological and ethical dilemmas with no easy answers," he said.
Swarankar said he worried that in a country where women are often forced into
submission, "Who could tell if a woman hadn't been pressured to be a surrogate
mother for the sake of big money?"
He also warned that "the social stigma attached to carrying the child of
another man" could traumatize women and their relationships with their
husbands.
Swarankar said he offers IVF treatment only to legally married couples, as he
believes "providing a child to an infertile couple is a service to God."
He said he was also distressed at the increasing number of young healthy,
married working women unwilling to put their careers on hold to have a baby,
and thus paying someone else to do so on their behalf.
This was nothing short of sacrilege, he said.
Meanwhile, in the absence of clear-cut statutes, Indian courts have found
themselves grappling with cases of proprietary rights of rival mothers. Most
rulings to date are stated to favor surrogate mothers, and legal experts note
that if a surrogate mother decides not to give up the baby, nobody can force
her to do so.
The Indian Council of Medical Research is now drafting guidelines for the
Indian government, to cover all aspects of artificial reproduction.
